INTRODUCTION:

Adolescence is defined as the period from the onset of puberty and it is the time for the crucial development of a person both mentally and physically. They have to encounter many problems to make a successful adaptation to life stress.¹ It is the period of impulsivity and vulnerability which is influenced by peer groups and media that ends with changes in perception and practice characterized by changes in the emotional intelligence level.² They have to perceive emotions, integrate emotion to facilitate thought, understand emotions, and regulate emotions. Emotional intelligence is an indispensable factor to promote personal growth.³

Parenting has a pivotal role in promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adult hood.⁴ The three most common parenting styles are Authoritative, Permissive, and Authoritarian. The authoritative parenting style places limits and controls on children’s behaviours. It also allows them to engage in extensive communication with their parents. However, the permissive parenting style enforces very few rules or boundaries, allowing children to dictate their life affairs and make their own choices, with many stress release and very highstandards.⁵ Authoritarian parenting is a parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. Parents with an authoritarian style have very high expectations of their children.Neglectful parenting, is a style characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child's needs. Uninvolved parents make few to no demands of their children and they are often indifferent, dismissive, or even completely neglectful.⁶

Emotional awareness brings the inner world into focus which enables the person to form good choices and to strike a mutually healthy balance between one’s own needs with that of others.⁷ Parents ‟emotional intelligence means making them conscious of their children's feelings, and having the ability to empathize, soothe, and guide them.⁸ Children learn most lessons about emotions from their parents, it includes the power to regulate impulses, delay gratification, motivates themselves, read other people's social cues, and cope with life's ups and downs.⁹ Normally, the first lesson of expressing emotions is learned by the child from his family. This is being learned through interaction between himself and his relations especially with elders. Family life is our first school for learning emotions. If the parenting styles are inadequate in this period, it will adversely affect the emotional maturity of the children which will gradually get worse in the adolescentperiod.¹⁰

OBJECTIVES:

1. Identify the parenting styles amongadolescents

2. Assess the level of emotional intelligence amongadolescent

3. Correlate parenting styles and emotional intelligence amongadolescents

4. Associate the parenting styles among adolescents with selected demographic variables

5. Associate emotional intelligence among adolescents with selected demographic variables

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:

Parentingstyle:

In this study, it refers to parenting approach in child rearing as perceived and expressed by the adolescence which is measured by parenting bonding instrument (PBI)

Emotional Intelligence (EI):

In this study, It refers to the ability of the adolescence to identify and comprehend their on emotions in different circumstances which are measured by standardized tool Emotional Intelligence Inventory

HYPOTHESIS:

H₁: There is a significant relation between parenting styles and emotional intelligence among adolescents

H₂: There is a significant association between parenting styles of adolescents with selected demographicvariables

H₃: There is a significant association between emotional intelligence of adolescents with selected demographicvariables

RESEARCH APPROACH:

A Deductive, non-experimental approach was adopted for thestudy

Research Design:

The research design selected for the present study was descriptive, correlational design.

Variables:

In this study two research variables were assessed such as parenting styles and emotional intelligence.

Settings of the study:

Setting selected for the study was Westfort College of Nursing, Pottore.

Population:

Adolescents in the age group of 17-19 years studying in Westfort College of Nursing, Pottore.

Sample and Sampling Technique:

Samples were selected using simple random sampling ,in this Lottery methods was used

Inclusion Criteria:

· Adolescents with age group of 17 to 19 years with bothparents

· Adolescents of bothsex

Exclusion Criteria:

Adolescents who are not willing toparticipate

Tool/Instrument:

Tool 1: A structured questionnaire of demographic data such as age, gender, monthly income, educational status of father and mother, occupation of father and mother, spiritual activity of adolescents, type of family, number of siblings and occupation of father

Tool 2: Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI, prepared by Gordon Parker, Hilary Tupling andL.B.Brown)

Tool 3: Emotional Intelligence Inventory (EII, prepared by Immannuel Thomas and Sushama S.R, Kerala University Thiruvananthapuram) Standardized rating scale

Pilotstudy:

The pilot study was conducted from 20-01-2020- to 25-01-2020 at Westfort College of pharmacy, pottore. Informed consent was taken from the subject of study and researcher had maintained privacy and confidentiality of the study subject.

Data Collection Process:

After maintaining ethical aspects of the study, investigator obtained permission from the concerned authority of selected colleges, Institutional Review Board and Institutional Ethics Committee. The data collection was conducted from 10-02-2020 to 9-03-2020. After taking the consent from the parents, the researcher selected 100 samples from the Westfort College of Nursing, Pottore by Simple random sampling by using Lotterymethods.

Data analysis:

Descriptive Statistics:

· Percentage distribution of sample based on the demographicvariables.

· Percentage distribution, Mean and standard deviation of parenting styles and emotionalIntelligence.

Inferential Statistics:

· Chi square to find out the association of parenting styles and emotional intelligence amongadolescents

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

The results of the study are presented under the following section.

Section I: Description of demographic characteristics of adolescents.

Section II: Assessment of parenting styles of adolescents.

Section III: Assessment of emotional intelligence of adolescents.

Section IV: Correlation between parenting styles and emotional intelligence.

Section V: Association between parenting styles and selected demographic variables.

Section VI: Association between emotional intelligence and selected demographic variables.

Section I: Description of demographic characteristics of adolescents.

Table 1: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their age.

N=100

Age	Percentage (%)
17	3
18	44
19	53

The data represent in Table 1.ashowed that 53% of adolescents belonged to 19 years of age, and only 3% belonged to 17 years of age.

Figure 1: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their gender

The data represented in Figure 1 depicts that 90% of adolescents were females and only 10% were males.

Table 2: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their occupation of father. N=100

Occupationoffather	Percentage (%)
Gov.employee	9
Privatesector	37
Self	47
Nil	7

The data represented in Table 2 show that 47% of adolescents fathers were self- employed, 9% were govt. employed and only 7%) were un-employed

Figure 2: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their occupation of mother

The data represented in Figure 2 depict that 53% of adolescents mothers were house wife, and 17% were self-employed only 7% were Gov. Employed

Table 3: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their type of family. N=100

TypeofFamily	Percentage (%)
Nuclear family	94
Joint family	6

The data represented in Table 3 crevealed that 94% of adolescents belong to nuclear family and only 6% belong to joint family.

Figure 3: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their education of father.

The data represented in Figure 3 depict that 56% of adolescents fathers has completed their secondary education, and only 6% had or above graduation.

Table 4: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their education of mother. N=100

Educationofmother	Percentage (%)
Illiterate	0
Primaryeducation	15
Secondaryeducation	46
Graduateor above	39

The data represented in Table 4 revealed that 46% of adolescents mothers had secondary education and only 39% were graduate.

Table 5: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their siblings and birth order N=100

Siblings	Percentage (%)
Yes	92
No	8
No.ofsiblings
0	8
1	71
2	17
3	3
4	1
Birthorder
1	60
2	34
3	5
4	0
5	1

The data represented in Table 5 depict that 92% of adolescents had siblings out of which 71% had one sibling and only 1% had 4 siblings. Based on the birth order 60% of adolescents belonged to 1^st order of birth whereas, 1% was from fifth order of birth

Table 6: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their monthly income. N=100

Monthlyincome	Percentage (%)
Below5000	9
5000-10000	23
10000-15000	23
15000-20000	15
20000 and above	30

The data represented in Table 6 show that 30% of adolescents had a monthly income 20000 and above whereas only 9% had income below5000

Figure 4: Percentage distribution of adolescent based on their spiritual activity. The data represented in Figure 6 depict that majority 98% of adolescents had spiritual beliefs and only 2% had no spiritual beliefs

Section II: Assessment of parenting styles of adolescents.

Table 7: Percentage distribution of Maternal parenting styles based on their care and over protection. N=100

	Percentage
Maternal Parenting Styles	%	Mean	Standard deviation
Affectionate constraint	57
Affectionless control	20	45.6	6.049
Optimal parenting	22
Neglectful parenting	1

The data represented in Table 7 shows that 57% of adolescents had affectionate parenting style, 22% had optimal parenting style, 20% had affectionless parenting style and only 1% had neglectful parenting style. Also, the mean score of mother parenting was 45.6 and standard deviation was 6.049.

Table 8: Percentage distribution of Paternal parenting styles based on their care and over protection. N=100

	Percentage
Paternal Parenting Styles	%	Mean	Standard deviation
Affectionate constraint	53
Affectionless control	23	43.29	5.721
Optimal parenting	21
Neglectful parenting	3

The data represented in Table 8 shows that 53% of adolescents had affectionate parenting style, 23% had affectionless control parenting style, 21% had optimal parenting style and only 3% had neglectful parenting style. Also, the mean score of father parenting was 43.29 and standard deviation was 5.721.

Section III: Assessment of emotional intelligence of adolescents.

Figure 5: Percentage distribution of adolescents based on their level of emotional intelligence.

The data represented in Figure 5 shows that 33% of adolescents had middle level of emotional intelligence, 25% had high and very high level of emotional intelligence, 16% had low level of emotional intelligence and only 1% had very low level of emotional intelligence.

Table 9: Meanand standard deviation of emotional intelligence of adolescent based on their level of emotional intelligence.

Emotional Intelligence	Mean	Standard deviation
Level of Emotional Intelligence	169.46	14.627

The data represented in Table 9 shows that the mean score of emotional intelligence of adolescents was 169.46 and standard deviation was 14.627

Section IV: Correlation between parenting styles and emotional intelligence.

Table 10: Correlation between Maternal parenting styles and emotional intelligence of adolescents

Karl Pearson Attributes	Correlation Coefficient	Pvalue	Inference
Parenting of mother			Negative Correlation and Not Significant
	-0.069	0.497
Emotional intelligence of adolescents

The data represented in Table 10 show that there was a negative correlation between Maternal parenting styles and emotional intelligence of adolescents and the value was -0.069. Also, p value was 0.497 which was greater than 0.05 (p value > 0.05). It reveals that there was no significant relation between parenting of mother an emotional intelligence of adolescents.

Table 11: Correlation between Paternal parenting styles and emotional intelligence of adolescents

Karl Pearson Attributes	Correlation Coefficient	P value	Inference
Parenting of father			Negative Correlation and Not Significant
	-0.076	0.452
Emotional intelligence of adolescents

The data represented in Table 11 describes that there was a negative correlation between parenting of father and emotional intelligence of adolescents and the value was -0.076. Also, p value was 0.452 which is greater than 0.05 (p value > 0.05). It reveals that there was no significant difference between parenting of father and emotional intelligence of adolescents.

Section V: Association between parenting styles and selected demographic variables.

Table 12: Association of socio demographic variables of adolescents with Maternal parenting style N=100

Demographic variable	Fisher’s exact test value	P value	Inference
Age	11.674	0.048	NS
Gender	1.482	0.908	NS
Occupation of Mother	12.51	0.152	NS
Type of Family	3.256	0.351	NS
Education of mother	3.608	0.801	NS
Do you have siblings	1.536	0.802	NS
Number of siblings	14.092	0.526	NS
Birth order	12.278	0.292	NS
Monthly income	8.457	0.851	NS
Spiritual activity	6.888	0.105	NS

*at 5% significance level, S – Significant, NS – Not Significant

Table 12 reveals that p value of age was 0.048 which is less than 0.05 (p value < 0.05). This indicates that there was an association between age and maternal parentingstyle. Also, p value of other demographic variable was greater than 0.05 (p value > 0.05). This indicates that there was no significant association between other demographic variable and maternal parenting style

Table 13: Association of socio demographic variable of adolescents with Paternal parenting style N=100

Demographic variable	Fisher’s exact test value	P value	Inference
Age	5.571	0.481	NS
Gender	2.466	0.478	NS
Occupation of Father	13.083	0.1	NS
Type of Family	1.178	0.777	NS
EducationofFather	4.198	0.665	NS
Do you have siblings	0.633	1	NS
Number of siblings	7.443	0.963	NS
Birth order	6.968	0.825	NS
Monthly income	12.43	0.333	NS
Spiritual activity	5.959	0.102	NS

NS –Not Significant

Table 13 displays that p value of all demographic variable was greater than 0.05 (p value > 0.05). This indicates that there was no significant association between demographic variables and Paternal parenting style.

Section VI: Association between emotional intelligence and selected demographic variables.

Table 14: Association of socio demographic variable of adolescents with emotional intelligence N=100

Demographic variable	Fisher’s exact test value	P value	Inference
Age	5.158	0.946	NS
Gender	1.426	1	NS
Occupation of Father	10.408	0.654	NS
Occupation of Mother	16.583	0.127	NS
Typeof Family	2.792	0.768	NS
Education of Father	8.75	0.363	NS
Education of Mother	7.551	0.48	NS
Do you have siblings	4.418	0.348	NS
Number of siblings	17.67	0.542	NS
Birth order	9.931	0.955	NS
Monthly income	15.825	0.468	NS
Spiritual activity	3.859	1	NS

NS – Not Significant

Table 14 shows that the p value of all demographic variable was greater than 0.05 (p value > 0.05). This indicates that there was no significant association between demographic variables and emotional intelligence.

CONCLUSION:

Based on the findings of the study, the subsequent conclusions were drawn. The study revealed that the parenting styles and emotional intelligence of an adolescent were in negative correlation with parenting of mother and emotional intelligence of adolescents and the value was -0.069. Also, the p value was 0.497 which was bigger than 0.05 (p value > 0.05). It reveals that there’s no significant relationship between the parenting of the mother and the emotional intelligence of adolescents whereas there was a negative correlation between the parenting of father and emotional intelligence of adolescents and the value was -0.076. Also, p value was 0.452 which was greater than 0.05(p value > 0.05). It reveals that there was no significant difference between the parenting of the father and the emotional intelligence of adolescents. The study revealed that there’s an association between selected demographic variables with maternal parenting styles and age where as the p value of all demographic variables is bigger than 0.05 (p value > 0.05). This means that there was no association between demographic variables and the paternal parenting style. The association between selected demographic variables with emotional intelligence showed that the p value of all demographic variables was greater than (p value> 0.05). This means that there’s no association between demographic variables and emotional intelligence.

LIMITATIONS:

· The investigator could not control the influence of extraneous variables.

· The investigator had difficulty in getting related Indianliterature.

· The study was conducted only among 100 samples

· The study was conducted only in onesetting.

RECOMMENDATION:

· An identical study are often replicated on a largesample

· A similar study is often among other adolescents and other agegroups

· A comparative study is often conducted between parenting styles and emotionalIntelligence

· A comparative study is often implemented in two different age groups regarding the parentingstyles

· A comparative study can be implemented in an urban and rural group of adolescents.

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Received on 15.03.2021 Modified on 19.04.2021

Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2021; 11(3):345-350.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2996.2021.00083